OSINT: AMSC Technical Capabilities Fingerprint

Technology Watch Report: AMSC Technical Capabilities Fingerprint 1. Core Technology Baseline: Amperium® Second-Generation (2G) High-Temperature Superconductor (HTS) Wire This section establishes the foundational technical capabilities of American Superconductor Corporation's (AMSC) core product. It deconstructs the manufacturing process, material science, and performance characteristics of its Amperium® High-Temperature Superconductor (HTS) wire to create a detailed technical baseline. This baseline is essential for identifying capabilities that align with or exceed the requirements of the company's public-facing commercial and defense markets. 1.1. Manufacturing Process and Foundational Intellectual Property AMSC's position in the global HTS market is built upon a proprietary, low-cost, high-volume manufacturing process for its second-generation (2G) wire. This process represents a key piece of intellectual property and a significant competitive advantage. The company's approach is a synthesis of two core technologies: the Rolling-Assisted Biaxially Textured Substrate (RABi TS) method, for which it licensed foundational patents from the Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), and a Metal-Organic Deposition (MOD) technique for applying the superconducting layer. This combination, further supported by collaborations with institutions like the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), provided AMSC with a powerful and defensible commercial position from its early stages. The manufacturing sequence begins with a textured metal alloy substrate, typically a nickel-tungsten alloy (Ni-5at%W or the non-magnetic Ni-9at%W), which provides both the mechanical foundation and the crystalline template for the subsequent layers. A critical element of AMSC's intellectual property is its "wide-strip" process, where this substrate is processed in wide rolls, initially 4 cm and later scaled to 10 cm, before being slit to the final product width. This methodology is inherently designed for economies of scale, directly addressing the primary barrier to widespread HTS adoption: the cost-per-kiloamp-meter ($/k A-m). Upon this substrate, a multi-layer buffer stack is deposited. This typically consists of materials like yttrium oxide (Y_2O_3), yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), and cerium oxide (Ce O_2). These buffer layers are crucial for preventing diffusion between the metal substrate and the superconductor, and for transferring the substrate's crystalline texture to the superconducting layer. The superconducting layer itself is a rare-earth barium copper oxide (REBCO), specifically a formulation of dysprosium-doped yttrium barium copper oxide (Dy-doped YBCO), which is applied via the MOD process. This chemical-based deposition method was a strategic choice over more complex physical vapor deposition techniques, again reflecting the company's focus on achieving lower manufacturing costs. After the HTS layer is deposited, it is capped with a protective silver layer, oxygenated, and then laminated with a final metallic stabilizer to form the finished wire. This entire process, from substrate texturing to final lamination, demonstrates a core corporate competency in materials science, chemical processing, and high-volume, reel-to-reel manufacturing. The strategic decision to prioritize a low-cost production pathway not only underpins their commercial business model but also makes them an attractive and cost-effective supplier for government programs, which often operate under different budgetary models than commercial ventures. 1.2. Material Formulations and Performance Envelopes AMSC's Amperium® wire portfolio is not monolithic; it is a family of products engineered for distinct operational environments. The core innovation is a modular design philosophy: a standardized HTS "insert"—the superconducting layer on its buffered substrate—is combined with different final lamination materials. This allows AMSC to tailor the wire's mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties for specific applications without re-engineering the entire complex deposition process. This modularity is a significant strategic capability, enabling the company to respond to new and demanding technical requirements, such as those from a specialized defense program, with significantly reduced research and development lead times. The three primary variants are: ● Copper-Laminated Wire: This is the workhorse product line, optimized for power-dense coils used in synchronous motors, generators, and magnets. Available in multiple types (e.g., 8501, 8502, 8502-350), these wires are designed for high power throughput and efficiency. The copper lamination provides excellent electrical and thermal stability. Technical datasheets specify a maximum rated tensile stress of 150 MPa and a maximum rated C-Axis stress (through-thickness) of 20 MPa, which is critical for epoxy-encapsulated coils. The critical current (I_c) at the standard operating temperature of 77 K ranges from 80 A for the 4.8 mm wire to over 350 A for the 12 mm "coil formulation" wire. ● Stainless Steel-Laminated Wire: This high-performance variant is explicitly designed for applications where mechanical robustness is paramount, such as fault current limiters and "high stress coils". The Type 8612 wire, in particular, features a unique double HTS-layer construction that doubles the critical current to a minimum of 400-500 A at 77 K. More significantly, the stainless steel lamination provides superior mechanical properties, including a maximum rated tensile stress of 200 MPa, a 33% increase over the copper variant. This product line represents a key capability vector for applications involving extreme electromagnetic forces. ● Brass-Laminated Wire: This formulation is engineered for high-current AC and DC power cables. The brass lamination provides a balance of high strength and stability with the flexibility and ease of handling required for complex cable stranding and winding operations. The existence of this diversified product portfolio, particularly the high-strength stainless steel variant, demonstrates a clear capability to produce HTS wire that can function reliably under significant mechanical and electromagnetic stress. 1.3. Key Performance Enhancement R&D Vectors AMSC's research and development extends beyond incremental improvements to its manufacturing process. The company has actively pursued and patented several advanced techniques aimed at fundamentally enhancing the performance of its HTS wire, particularly under the extreme conditions found in high-performance defense and scientific systems. These R&D vectors, when viewed as an integrated strategy, reveal a clear trajectory toward overcoming the primary limitation of HTS wire: the degradation of current-carrying capacity in the presence of strong magnetic fields. ● Nanotechnology for Flux Pinning: In the mid-2000s, AMSC announced the development of a nanotechnology-based technique to disperse "nanodots"—ultra-small particles of inorganic materials—throughout the YBCO superconductor coating. This process is designed to immobilize magnetic lines of flux within the superconductor, a phenomenon known as "flux pinning." Effective flux pinning prevents the magnetic field from causing resistive losses, thereby increasing the wire's critical current. This work leveraged proof-of-concept research from the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) and Los Alamos National Laboratory, indicating an early and sustained interest in defense-relevant performance enhancements. ● Advanced Wire Architectures: More recently, AMSC has pursued novel wire architectures to increase power density. A 2019 project funded by the Department of Energy (DOE) focused on developing a double-sided HTS wire, using an innovative exfoliation process to transfer HTS films to both sides of a single, non-magnetic substrate. The explicit goal of this architecture is to double the wire's critical current without significantly increasing its size or weight, a critical consideration for power-dense applications like compact motors and magnets. ● Ion Irradiation for Enhanced In-Field Performance: The most significant and potentially transformative R&D vector is a collaboration with Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) to use ion irradiation to engineer the flux pinning landscape of the HTS material. This joint invention, covered by U.S. Patent 10,242,770, describes a reel-to-reel process for irradiating the HTS layer with positively charged ions (e.g., Gold ions with energy in the 1-25 Me V range). This process creates a uniform distribution of nano-scale defects, or "pinning microstructures," which are exceptionally effective at pinning magnetic flux lines. This technique is specifically aimed at enhancing the critical current of the wire when it is subjected to strong external magnetic fields, particularly at cryogenic temperatures below the 77 K standard. These R&D efforts are not disparate. They form a coherent strategy to engineer a new class of HTS wire. Standard HTS wire is typically characterized at 77 K (the boiling point of liquid nitrogen) and in "self-field" conditions (no external magnetic field), which is sufficient for most commercial power grid applications. However, compact, power-dense military and scientific systems—such as naval propulsion motors, high-field research magnets, and compact fusion reactors—generate intense internal magnetic fields and often operate at colder temperatures (20 K to 65 K) for improved performance. The simultaneous pursuit of nanodots, double-sided architectures, and ion irradiation demonstrates a systematic effort to create HTS wire specifically designed to maintain high performance in these extreme operational environments. This R&D trajectory is not fully explained by the technical requirements of AMSC's public-facing grid and wind markets; it is a direct response to the demanding requirements of advanced military and scientific hardware. 2. Application Spectrum Analysis AMSC's technical capabilities are translated into a diverse portfolio of products and systems serving distinct markets. Mapping these applications is crucial for establishing a baseline of the company's strategic focus and identifying areas where its defense-related work may be driving unique technological developments. 2.1. Commercial Power and Industrial Applications The public face of AMSC is largely defined by its two primary commercial business segments: Gridtec™ and Windtec™ Solutions. These segments address the global demand for more efficient and reliable power generation and delivery. ● Gridtec™ Solutions: This segment focuses on modernizing the electric power grid. A key offering is the Resilient Electric Grid (REG) system, which utilizes Amperium® HTS cables. These cables can carry up to 10 times more power than conventional copper conductors of the same size, allowing utilities to transmit bulk power at lower, distribution-level voltages. This is particularly valuable in dense urban areas where installing new high-voltage transmission lines is difficult or impossible. The inherent physical properties of superconductors also allow these cables to act as natural fault current limiters, enhancing grid stability. ● Windtec™ Solutions: This segment provides advanced electrical control systems (ECS) and engineering services for multi-megawatt wind turbines. While AMSC has developed designs for HTS-based wind turbine generators, its primary commercial offerings in this space are the power electronics and control systems that manage the turbine's operation and connection to the grid. These commercial applications establish the baseline for AMSC's capabilities. They require the production of long, reliable lengths of HTS wire and sophisticated power electronics. However, they do not typically subject the components to the extreme mechanical stresses or intense magnetic fields characteristic of certain defense applications. 2.2. Documented Naval and Defense Applications AMSC has a mature, overt, and strategically significant relationship with the U.S. Navy and allied forces, primarily through its Marinetec™ Solutions division. This work has established AMSC as a trusted partner within the defense industrial base, providing them with invaluable experience in designing and building militarized HTS systems. ● Ship Propulsion Systems: The company's most high-profile defense project was the development of a 36.5 MW (49,000 horsepower) HTS propulsion motor. This project, conducted in partnership with Northrop Grumman under contracts from the Office of Naval Research (ONR), successfully completed full-power testing. The primary advantage of the HTS motor is its exceptional power density; it is less than half the size and weight of a conventional copper-based motor with the same power rating. For a naval warship, this reduction in size and weight is a transformational capability, freeing up space and weight for additional fuel, weapons, or other mission systems. ● Ship Protection Systems (SPS): AMSC is a key provider of HTS-based degaussing systems for the U.S. Navy. Degaussing systems consist of large electrical coils that run the length of a ship's hull to cancel out its magnetic signature, making it much harder to detect by magnetic sensors and magnetically-activated sea mines. Traditional degaussing systems use many tons of heavy copper cable. By replacing this with lightweight HTS wire, AMSC's systems can achieve weight reductions of 50% to 80%. These systems have been tested aboard the USS Higgins (DDG-76) and are designed into the San Antonio-class (LPD-17) amphibious transport dock platform. Recently, this business has expanded to allied forces, with a $75 million contract to provide Ship Protection Systems for the Royal Canadian Navy's new Canadian Surface Combatant ships. This long-standing work with the Navy is a critical element of AMSC's technical fingerprint. It has made them a "sole source" provider for certain HTS technologies, as the Navy has stated that only AMSC can meet its requirements for assembling HTS wiring for these applications. This trusted status, combined with their hands-on experience in hardening HTS systems to meet the rigorous shock, vibration, and reliability standards of a naval environment, makes AMSC a low-risk and logical choice for any new, more sensitive defense-related program. 2.3. High-Performance and Scientific Applications Beyond its primary commercial and naval markets, AMSC's HTS wire is an enabling technology for a range of high-performance scientific applications. These include high-field magnets for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), particle accelerators, and Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) systems. HTS wire is seen as critical for developing the next generation of all-superconductor magnets capable of generating fields in the 23.5 T to 50 T range, far beyond what is possible with conventional low-temperature superconductors alone. These scientific applications, while representing a smaller market, serve a crucial strategic function: they provide a plausible, unclassified, and commercially defensible justification for developing capabilities that are directly transferable to classified defense systems. The underlying physics and material science challenges of building a 25 T magnet for an NMR machine are nearly identical to those of building a 20 T magnet for a compact fusion reactor. Both require HTS wire that can withstand immense internal electromagnetic (Lorentz) forces and maintain high performance in a strong magnetic field. This allows the core technology to be matured and de-risked under the cover of legitimate scientific and industrial R&D, effectively obscuring its potential dual-use applications from adversaries. 3. Key Technical Personnel and R&D Network A corporation's capabilities are ultimately embodied by its human capital. Identifying the key scientists and engineers driving AMSC's innovation, along with their collaborative research network, is essential for creating an accurate technical fingerprint and establishing a baseline for monitoring future activity. 3.1. Identification of Key Inventors and Technical Leads A systematic review of AMSC's patent portfolio and technical publications reveals a core group of individuals who have been central to the development and advancement of the company's HTS technology. These technical leads represent the company's "tribal knowledge" and are a primary asset for future intelligence monitoring. ● HTS Wire Development and Manufacturing: This group is responsible for the foundational materials science and production processes that underpin all of AMSC's HTS products. Key figures identified through numerous patents and publications include Martin W. Rupich, Srivatsan Sathyamurthy, Xiaoping Li, and Cornelis L.H. Thieme. Their work is foundational to the MOD manufacturing process, the development of advanced flux pinning techniques, and the overall design and architecture of the Amperium® wire. Dr. Rupich and Mr. Sathyamurthy, in particular, are listed as inventors on the critical joint patent with Brookhaven National Laboratory for ion-implanted pinning microstructures. ● Systems Integration and Naval Applications: This group focuses on the application of HTS wire in complex systems, particularly for naval platforms. Key personnel identified on patents for these systems include John M. Ulliman (Vice President of Business Development and Government Relations), Timothy Mac Donald (Rotating Machines Engineer), and Stephen I. Callis. Their names are associated with patents for integrating HTS components into naval power and propulsion architectures, such as U.S. Patent 11,657,930 for hybrid electrical power systems on watercraft. The movement of any of these individuals, particularly those from the core wire development team, to a prime defense contractor, a national laboratory, or a new, small R&D startup would constitute a high-value indicator of a potential technology transfer or the initiation of a new, sensitive program. Name Inferred Role/Expertise Key Patents / Publications Martin W. Rupich HTS Wire Development, MOD Process, Flux Pinning U.S. Patent 10,242,770 (Ion Irradiation), U.S. Patent 11,657,930 (Increased Current Densities), numerous papers on 2G wire development S. Sathyamurthy HTS Wire Development, MOD Process, Flux Pinning U.S. Patent 10,242,770 (Ion Irradiation), multiple publications on HTS wire manufacturing and performance Cornelis L.H. Thieme HTS Wire Architecture, Substrate Development U.S. Patent 12,048,253 (Electro-formed foils), U.S. Patent 7,816,303 (HTS Wire Architecture) Xiaoping Li HTS Wire Development, MOD Process Co-author on seminal papers detailing AMSC's 2G wire development and manufacturing scale-up John M. Ulliman Naval Systems, Business Development, Government Relations U.S. Patent 11,657,930 (Naval Power Systems) Timothy Mac Donald Rotating Machines, Naval Propulsion Motors Co-author on papers detailing the 36.5 MW HTS motor; U.S. Patent 11,657,930 (Naval Power Systems) Stephen I. Callis Naval Power Systems U.S. Patent 11,657,930 (Naval Power Systems) 3.2. Analysis of Institutional R&D Collaborations AMSC's advanced R&D is not conducted in isolation. It is supported by a network of strategic partnerships with government laboratories and corporations that are critical for developing next-generation capabilities. ● U.S. National Laboratories: The company's most important R&D relationships are with the Department of Energy's national laboratory complex. This ecosystem serves as a vital bridge between fundamental science and applied technology. AMSC's entire 2G wire manufacturing process is built upon the foundational RABi TS technology, for which it signed a key non-exclusive patent license agreement with Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). More recently, the critical work on enhancing in-field performance through ion irradiation was a joint invention and collaborative effort with Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), resulting in a jointly held patent. ● Corporate Partnerships: AMSC has also engaged in strategic corporate partnerships to advance its technology and market position. A 2016 agreement with the chemical giant BASF involved licensing a portion of AMSC's 2G HTS manufacturing technology and jointly developing an advanced, lower-cost manufacturing process based on BASF's chemical solution deposition expertise. This move suggests a strategy to commoditize their standard wire technology, allowing AMSC to focus internal resources on developing higher-value, system-level solutions for its key customers, such as the U.S. Navy. The established, patent-backed relationship with Brookhaven National Laboratory is the most significant element of this network from an intelligence perspective. National laboratories frequently act as intermediaries for sensitive government work. This formal collaboration provides a sanctioned and legitimate channel through which a defense or intelligence agency could task AMSC with developing HTS wire for a specific, non-public application. For example, a request to "optimize the ion irradiation process to maximize critical current at 20 K and 15 T" could be routed through the existing BNL partnership, with the work being performed under the plausible cover of fundamental materials science research for future fusion energy or high-field magnets. 4. Assessment of Anomalous Capability Indicators This section synthesizes the baseline data to identify and analyze technological vectors that appear to deviate from a purely commercial trajectory. These capabilities, while having plausible public-facing applications, are exceptionally well-aligned with the demanding requirements of potential undisclosed or classified defense programs. 4.1. Vector Analysis: High-Stress, High-Field Coil Capabilities A key indicator of anomalous capability lies in the Amperium® Type 8612 Stainless Steel Laminated Wire. While AMSC markets this product for fault current limiters and the ambiguous category of "high stress coils," a deconstruction of its technical specifications reveals a capability set that is significantly over-engineered for most conventional applications. The primary stress on a coil in a high-field magnet is not external mechanical tension, but the immense internal electromagnetic forces, known as Lorentz forces, which exert tremendous pressure to expand and tear the coil apart. The engineering solution to this problem is to build the coil with materials that possess extremely high tensile strength. The Type 8612 wire's stainless steel lamination provides a maximum rated tensile stress of 200 MPa, a 33% improvement over the standard copper-laminated wire. This level of mechanical robustness is a direct and necessary design feature for coils intended to operate in very high magnetic fields. While a commercial motor might generate fields of 3-5 T, a compact fusion device, such as a tokamak or stellarator, requires fields of 10-20 T or more to confine the plasma. At these field strengths, the mechanical properties of the superconducting wire become as critical as its electrical properties. The existence of a commercially available product from AMSC that is specifically engineered to withstand high stress indicates that the company has a demonstrated, off-the-shelf capability to fabricate the robust coils that are an essential enabling component for any compact, high-field magnet system, including one for a compact fusion reactor. 4.2. Vector Analysis: Advanced Flux Pinning and Irradiation Techniques The single most compelling anomalous indicator is AMSC's R&D program focused on enhancing the in-field performance of its HTS wire through ion irradiation. This work, conducted jointly with Brookhaven National Laboratory, is explicitly designed to improve the wire's ability to carry high currents while immersed in strong magnetic fields. A 2019 DOE presentation reviewing this program provides a critical piece of evidence. The stated public objective is to achieve a "7-fold increase in critical current (I_c)... for commercial electric machine applications operating at ~65K in magnetic fields of ~1.5T". This goal, while ambitious, aligns with the needs of next-generation commercial motors and generators. However, the same presentation slide includes a bullet point stating that the technology also supports "military applications (30 – 50K),... and fusion (20K)". The explicit mention of the 20 K temperature regime is a significant anomaly. The number of commercial or even conventional military applications requiring high-current superconductors to operate at 20 K in a high magnetic field is extremely limited. However, this is precisely the operating regime for the high-field superconducting magnets used in fusion energy devices, which are typically cooled with liquid helium or cryocoolers to temperatures near 20 K to maximize performance. The "65K commercial machine" objective provides a perfect and plausible public justification for developing a technology whose most profound impact may be its performance at the much more demanding 20 K level. This dual-use framing is a classic method for developing sensitive technologies within unclassified programs. The development of this advanced flux-pinning capability, optimized for low-temperature, high-field environments, is the strongest indicator that AMSC is actively engaged in R&D that directly enables a critical component technology for a compact fusion reactor program. 4.3. Vector Analysis: Fusion Energy R&D Support The explicit mention of "fusion (20K)" in the 2019 DOE program review is a direct, albeit minor, data point that formally links AMSC's R&D activities to the fusion energy sector. This was not a casual remark in a marketing brochure but a statement of capability within a formal review for a government funding agency, suggesting it is a deliberate acknowledgment of the technology's relevance to the agency's broader strategic interests. This data point is invaluable as it officially establishes "fusion support" as part of AMSC's public-facing R&D baseline as of 2019. This creates a clear tripwire for future technology watch activities. The current baseline is a single mention of capability in a presentation. An anomalous shift would be any action that indicates an acceleration or expansion of this vector. Such a shift could include the hiring of personnel with backgrounds in plasma physics or fusion magnet design, the filing of new patents related to cryostat design for 20 K operation, or the announcement of a new partnership with a known public or private fusion research entity. The 2019 statement provides the necessary baseline against which any new activity in this domain would represent a significant and reportable deviation from AMSC's established commercial trajectory. 5. Conclusion and Recommendations for Technology Watch This section provides a consolidated assessment of AMSC's technical capabilities and offers actionable recommendations for future open-source intelligence (OSINT) monitoring to detect potential shifts toward classified program requirements. 5.1. Consolidated Technical Capabilities Fingerprint AMSC's technical fingerprint is that of a world-leading manufacturer of commercial-grade 2G HTS wire. This core competency is augmented by a unique, mature, and overt specialization in providing militarized HTS-based systems—specifically high-power-density propulsion motors and magnetic signature reduction (degaussing) systems—for the U.S. Navy. This establishes them as a trusted and vetted member of the defense industrial base. The company's core R&D trajectory is focused on a single strategic objective: enhancing HTS wire performance in extreme operational environments. This is being pursued through an integrated strategy of advanced material science, including the development of high-strength laminates (stainless steel), novel wire architectures (double-sided HTS), and, most critically, advanced flux pinning via ion irradiation. This R&D vector, while supporting some niche commercial and scientific markets, is exceptionally well-aligned with the primary component requirements for a compact fusion reactor: a mechanically robust superconductor that maintains very high current density in the presence of intense magnetic fields at cryogenic temperatures around 20 K. 5.2. Identification of Potential Anomalous R&D Trajectories The primary anomalous trajectory within AMSC's public-facing portfolio is the integrated R&D effort to produce high-strength wire with enhanced flux pinning for superior performance at low temperatures (20 K-50 K) and in high magnetic fields. This combination of capabilities significantly exceeds the requirements of AMSC's core commercial markets (grid power, wind energy) but directly maps to the needs of a classified compact fusion energy program or other advanced defense systems (e.g., directed energy, electromagnetic launch). The development of this capability under the plausible cover of "next-generation electric machines" and "scientific magnets" is a logical and effective method for maturing a critical dual-use technology. 5.3. Recommended Indicators for Future Monitoring To detect any acceleration of these anomalous vectors or a transition of this technology into a formal program of record, the following specific OSINT indicators should be continuously monitored: ● Personnel Tracking: ○ Maintain a continuous watch on the professional careers of the key technical leads identified in this report, particularly Martin W. Rupich, Srivatsan Sathyamurthy, Cornelis L.H. Thieme, Xiaoping Li, and Vyacheslav F. Solovyov. A transition of any of these individuals to a prime defense contractor (e.g., Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman), a national laboratory, or a known private fusion energy company would be a significant indicator of technology transfer. ○ Monitor AMSC's public job postings for new positions requiring expertise in "fusion energy," "plasma physics," "tokamak," "stellarator," "cryostat design," "high-field magnet design," or "pulsed power systems." The appearance of a requirement for security clearances above the standard "Secret" level would also be a critical indicator. ● Intellectual Property Monitoring: ○ Track new patent applications and grants assigned to AMSC and its key inventors. Patents related to magnet winding techniques for extreme stress environments, cryocooler integration for 20 K systems, radiation-hardened HTS materials or electronics, or specific HTS cable designs for toroidal or poloidal field coils would be highly significant. ● R&D Program and Contract Monitoring: ○ Monitor federal contract and grant databases (e.g., SAM.gov, SBIR.gov) for new, large-scale awards to AMSC from the DOE, ONR, AFRL, or DARPA. Pay special attention to contracts for "advanced magnet development," "materials for extreme environments," or "compact power sources." The use of an Other Transaction Authority (OTA) contracting vehicle, which has reduced public disclosure requirements, would be a strong indicator of a sensitive program. ● Conference and Publication Analysis: ○ Monitor the technical publications and conference presentations of the key technical leads. A discernible shift in research focus from papers on manufacturing processes and 77 K performance to papers detailing HTS wire performance in fusion-relevant plasma environments (e.g., neutron irradiation effects, performance at 10-20 T fields, quench dynamics at 20 K) would signal a significant change in R&D priorities. Works cited 1. The Development of Second Generation HTS Wire at American Superconductor - Superconductivity News Forum (SNF) - IEEE CSC, https://snf.ieeecsc.org/files/ieeecsc/slides/ST78Li X_3MA02.pdf 2. ORNL, American Superconductor sign patent license agreement, https://www.ornl.gov/news/ornl-american-superconductor-sign-patent-license-agreement 3. (PDF) Development status of AMSC Amperium® Wire - Research Gate, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262230593_Development_status_of_AMSC_Amperiu m R_Wire 4. 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